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S: That interests me very much. I must confess that I was under the
impression that a W.P.A. insurance was quite sufficient and that losses
due to breakage were covered. I know that F.P.A. insurance dose not cover
losses on consumer goods, but I did think that the W.P.A. insurance covered
more risks than the F.P.A.
B: Actually it is like this. There is some difference between WPA and
FPA. The FPA clause does not cover partial loss of the nature of particular
average, whereas the WPA clause over such losses when they exceed a
prearranged prearranged percentage. For instance, when WPA3% cover is
taken out, a particular average loss under 3% of the insured amount
will not be recoverable but one amounting to or exceeding 3% of the
insured amount will be paid. This is the only difference between WPA
and FPA. Otherwise, the protection under the FPA clause will be almost
identical with that offered by the WPA clause, because in the event
of maritime accidents being encountered in transit, such as stranding ,
fire, explosion or collision, both clauses will cover particular
average losses in full. In present day particular, a WPAIOP cover,
that is,"With Particular Average Irrespective of percentage
is not infrequently granted, in which case all particular average losses
of an accidental nature will be recoverable and the protection will be
much wider than the FPA clause.
史：这很有意思。我得承认以往我是以为投保水渍险就足够了，包括由于破碎而引
起的损失在内。我知道平安险并不包括消费品的种种损失。但我的确认为水渍险承保的
范围比平安险要宽得多。
白：实际上是这样的。水渍险和平安险是有些不同。平安险条款不包括单独海损性质
的部分损失，而水债险条款当超过事先商定的百分比时，则包括此类损失。譬如：投
保了;百分之三的水渍险;（WPA3%），当单独海损的损失在所保金额的百分之三以下
时。不赔，但是损失达到成超过所保金额百分之三时，则赔偿。这是水渍险和平安险
唯一不同之处。除此之外，平安险所承担的责任与水渍险所承担的责任几乎相同、因
为万一在运输途中遭遇海上意外事故，诸如搁浅、着火、爆炸或碰撞，这两种保险条
款都全部赔偿单独海损的损失。现行惯例，投保WPAIOP即"无免赔率的水清险;
是常常承保的，在这种情况下，属于意外性质的单独海损的所有损失都将给予赔偿，
承担的责任范围比平安险要宽阔得多。
S: I don't mean to annoy you, Mr Bai, I don't quite grasp this, Couldn't
you say it in more understandable terms?
B: I'll try. Neither the WPA nor the FPA mentions the risks covered or
the risks excluded. The extent of insurance is stipulated in the basic
policy form and in the various risks excluded. The extent of insurance
is stipulated in the basic policy form and in the various risk clauses.
Look at the insurance certificates and you will find that the risks of
theft and you will find that the risks of theft and pilferage, freshwater,
oil, grease, hooks, breakage, leakage, contamination, deterioration, etc.
are specifically mentioned, and must be specifically applied for. These
are special risks. FPA stands for ;Free from Particular Average;while
WPA or WA stands for "With Particular Average."
史：白先生，我并不想叫你生气，不过我还抓不住要领，你能否用更易懂的语言谈
一谈呢？
白：我试试看。无论水渍险还是平安险都不指明包括那些险别，或不包括那些险别。
保险范围是写在基本保险单内和在各种险别的条款里。看一下保险凭证，你看，对偷
窃除，淡水险，沾染油渍险，油污险，破损险，破碎险，渗漏险，沽污险，变质险等，
都是特别提出来的，必须特别申保。这些就是特别险。FPA是代表"Free
from Particular Average"（平安险）而WPA或WA是代表"With ParticularAverage
（水渍险）。
S: Mr Bai, I must say that you have corrected my ideas about the insurance.
I see now that this is far more complicated than I ever imagined.
L: Now I know why you often point out to us the wording of some letter
of credit which you don't feel happy about. But what are we to do about
it? We must keep to the stipulations of the contract and the letter of
credit.
史:白先生，我该说你已经纠正了我对保险的想法。我现在明白，保险问题比我以往
所想象的要复杂得多。
李：现在我才了解为什么你经常向我们指出对某些信用证的措词你感到不愉快。不过，
我们该怎么办？我们一定要遵守合同和信用证的规定。
S: the blame rests not alone with the letter of credit. I think the Light
industrial Products Corporation should have understood from our letter
of credit that we wanted the cover of all risks, including the risk of
breakage. So the error was on both sides. I think the loss ought to be
shared by both parties. I think the loss ought to be shared by both parties
- let us say half and half.
L: Our price calculation could hardly admit that, Besides, we acted upon
your instructions so this is not our fault.
史：不单是信用证的过错。我想轻工业品公司理应从我们的信用证中领会到我们要保
的是一切险，包括破碎险在内。所以双方都有错误。我认为损失应由双方承担，我们就各
负担一半吧。
李：我们所出的价格，难以接受你的提议。此外，我们是按照你们要求办理的，所以这
不是 我们的过错。
B: (rising )
I sincerely hope that you gentlemen will settle the to our mutual satisfaction.
S: It goes without saying that both parties must abide by the contract
terms which we have agreed upon and signed. This blunder, which is due
to my ignorance, costs me a pretty penny.
白：（站起身来）我衷心希望你们两位把这件事解决好，使双方都满意。
史：毫无疑问，双方必须遵守已经同意并已签署过的合同条款。这次疏忽是由于我的无
知，使我破费了不少钱。
L: We also have learned a lesson from this.
S: To compensate a part of the loss, may I ask you to make us a firm offer
for 50000pieces glazed wall tile CIF Manila including the risk of breakage,
November shipment?
李：我们也从这件事吸取了教训。
史：为了补偿部分损失，可否请你们报给我们一个实盘，50000块釉瓷砖， CIF马尼拉，
包括破碎险，十一月装船？
L: We'll make you an offer tomorrow. Come and see us at 9a.m.
S: Thank you. Then tomorrow at 9.
李：我们明天给你报盘，请上午九点来和我们碰头。
史：谢谢你，明天九点再见。
